Curtius重排是一種常用的將羧酸轉(zhuǎn)化為少一個(gè)碳的胺及相應(yīng)衍生物的方法。 其機(jī)理如下:
首先酰氯被轉(zhuǎn)化為?；B氮，其加熱重排脫去一分子氮?dú)夂蟮玫较鄳?yīng)的異氰酸酯，異氰酸酯水解或和其他親核試劑反應(yīng)得到胺及相應(yīng)的衍生物。 早期的合成方法都是將酸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橄鄳?yīng)的酰氯，再生成酰基疊氮。 后來Shiori（JACS，1972，94，6203）等人報(bào)道了DPPA和羧酸在室溫下很溫和的生成?；B氮，可一鍋法合成胺。若直接用過量的醇或直接用醇做溶劑可得到相應(yīng)的胺的衍生物。如用芐醇可一步得到Cbz保護(hù)的胺; 用叔丁醇可一步得到Boc保護(hù)的胺。
一般情況下，用此方法直接做胺并不是一個(gè)好的方法，特別是制備烷基胺，其主要有兩個(gè)原因：一是得到的胺特別是烷基胺不易純化；二是加水分解異氰酸酯時(shí)得到的胺會(huì)和未反應(yīng)完全的異氰酸酯反應(yīng)成脲，因此分解時(shí)要?jiǎng)×覕嚢瑁?nbsp;另外也有人使用稀酸水解異氰酸酯得到相應(yīng)的胺的鹽酸鹽。
1.1 酰基疊氮重排合成胺示例
2,6-difluoro-4-methoxyphenyl carboxylic acid (2.00 g, 10.6 mmol) was dissolved in thionyl chloride (16 mL). One drop of DMF was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h. The crude mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in 5mL acetone. A solution of sodium azide (970 mg, 14.9 mmol) in water (2 mL ) was added dropwise at room temperature. After 30 min, water (10 mL) was added and the solution was extracted with toluene (50 mL). The organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and heated to reflux for 30 min. Then 10 mL of a 45% sodium hydroxide solution was added and the mixture was heated for a further 30 min. The organic layer was separated, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (dichloromethane) to yield 660 mg (39%) of the title compound.
Reference: Tetrahedron Lett., 2004, 45, 95 - 98.
1.2 使用DPPA合成胺示例
2-benzyloxy-3-methoxy-4-nitroanilin acid (27.9 g, 91.8 mmol) was dissolved in THF (400 mL) and treated with Et3N (30 mL). Diphenylphosphoryl azide (26.5 g, 96.4 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at 25 oC. H2O (150 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 2 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was treated with saturated aqueous K2CO3 (100 mL), diluted with H2O (500 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (2 × 500 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (500 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO2, 25% EtOAc?hexanes) to afford the title compound (19.5 g, 78%) as a yellow solid.
Reference: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 8396 - 8398.
1.3 使用DPPA和芐醇合成Cbz保護(hù)的胺示例
Under an argon atmosphere, a mixture of acid (200 mg, 0.59 mmol), diisopropyl ethylamine (0.36 mL, 2.0 mmol), diphenylphosphoryl azide (0.32 mL, 1.5 mmol) in toluene (25 mL) was heated at reflux for 3 h. After being cooled to room temperature, benzyl alcohol (0.2 mL, 2 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred for another 1h. After removing the solvent in vacuo, silica gel column chromatography gave the title compound (230 mg, 0.50 mmol, 85%).
Reference: J. Org. Chem., 2001, 6, 557 - 563.
1.4 使用DPPA和叔丁醇合成Boc保護(hù)的胺示例
由于叔丁醇的活性不高，一般都使用叔丁醇作溶劑，在研究過程中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)若在反應(yīng)液中加入3-5當(dāng)量的Boc2O可抑制副反應(yīng)，提高反應(yīng)產(chǎn)率。
Dry tert-butyl alcohol (123 mL), triethylamine (16.7 g, 0.65 mol), and DPPA (45.5 g, 0.165 mol) were added to a solution of 5-fluoro-1,3-benzodioxole-4-carboxylic acid (29 g, 0.157mol) in dioxane (430 mL) under nitrogen. The mixture was heated at 100 °C for 4.5 h. Upon cooling, the cloudy mixture was filtered. The filtrate was evaporated under vacuum, diluted in ethyl acetate, washed with a 5% aqueous citric acid, a 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water, and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated under vacuum to provide desired compound (37.6 g, 93%).
Reference: J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 871-887
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